Preparing for the Memory Loss Journey with a Loved One

More than 6 million Americans are living with Alzheimer’s disease, and this number is projected to rise to nearly 13 million by 2050, according to the Alzheimer’s Association. Alzheimer’s disease is one of a group of disorders known as dementia. In Alzheimer’s, nerve cells are affected in areas of the brain responsible for speech, thought, memory and reason. As the disease progresses, the person eventually loses the ability to carry out normal daily activities.

It’s heartbreaking to watch someone you love struggle with memory loss from dementia. Facing the unknowns and unpredictability of dementia can take a toll on families and caregivers. Knowing what to expect as the condition progresses can help you mentally prepare for challenging behaviors and cope with your own feelings of grief, loss, stress and sadness. You’ll never be ready for the devastating effects of a loved one’s memory loss, but gathering information and building a network of support can help you prepare for the changes ahead.

What to Expect When a Loved One Is Diagnosed with Dementia

All forms of dementia are progressive, which means the structure and pathways of the brain become increasingly damaged over time. Symptoms may include problems with memory, thinking, problem solving and language, as well as changes in emotions, personality and behavior. Symptoms may be mild at first and get progressively worse for a span of time, usually over several years.

Different types of dementia affect the brain in different ways, and since the condition doesn’t follow the same patterns or time frame in each case, every experience with dementia is unique. The speed at which dementia progresses depends on the type of dementia, a person’s age, and other long-term medical problems affecting their health (e.g., heart disease or diabetes). Alzheimer’s disease tends to progress more slowly than other forms of dementia, especially compared to vascular dementia, which can occur suddenly after a stroke. Some people remain independent for years, while others need support very soon after diagnosis. A person with dementia usually needs more help as the condition progresses, and it’s likely that they’ll eventually need 24/7 care.

Stages of Dementia

In general, there are three stages of dementia that people with Alzheimer’s and other forms of dementia commonly experience, including early-, middle- and late-stage dementia. Even though your loved one may experience dementia symptoms in different ways, it helps to learn more about what to expect.

Early-stage dementia or mild Alzheimer’s is a stage when mild impairment shows up in a variety of ways. Symptoms may include forgetfulness, difficulty concentrating, difficulty following conversations, changes in mood or emotion, and mild problems with coordination. The symptoms may be so mild that the changes go unnoticed, and a person may not be diagnosed until a later stage. Your loved one may be able to live independently at this stage with occasional help from friends or family.
Mid-stage dementia or moderate Alzheimer’s tends to be the longest stage, with symptoms that become increasingly noticeable. Problems with memory, thinking and judgment worsen at this stage. The effects of dementia can take a toll on your loved one’s language skills and ability to focus, making it more difficult to maintain social connections. They may have confusion about where they are or what day it is, and they may forget significant information like their address, former occupation or major life events. They may struggle with getting dressed, making meals and other tasks at home. As dementia progresses, your loved one may experience problems with orientation and wandering. Personality and mood changes may become more pronounced, and they may believe things that aren’t true (delusions) or start to hear and see things that aren’t there (hallucinations). During this stage, you want to make sure your loved one has the support they need in a safe environment.
Late-stage dementia or severe Alzheimer’s is a devastating stage when impairment worsens, and your loved one may no longer recognize their family and friends. Speech and verbal communication becomes increasingly difficult, and they may exhibit challenging behaviors like screaming/shouting, agitation, disturbed sleep patterns, loss of inhibitions and repetitive behavior. During this stage, your loved one will need constant supervision and help with the daily tasks of eating, bathing, dressing, and taking medications.

Finding the Support You Need

If a loved one is diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease or another form of dementia, it’s important to remember that you’re not alone. Connecting with others in support groups can help you learn ways to adapt and cope in changing circumstances. Through dementia education, you can identify resources to meet your and your family’s needs and plan for the future after a dementia diagnosis.